The Meaning and Validity of Matthew 28:19 as a Baptismal Formula

Introduction

Matthew 28:19 is a significant biblical passage that has been debated regarding its meaning and validity as a baptismal formula. Some argue that the Greek term for "name" in this verse implies being baptized into the reality represented by the name, rather than a specific word-per-word formula. This article explores the different interpretations and provides insights into the understanding of baptism within the context of the early Christian church.

The Concept of Baptizing into the Name

In Matthew 28:19, the use of the singular form of "name" suggests that the baptismal formula symbolizes initiation into a new life of communion and fellowship with the triune God. The Father and the Son, as explained in John's Gospel, indwell believers through the Holy Spirit. While some commentators dismiss the idea that this verse supports the doctrine of the Trinity, considering various factors, it seems plausible to lean toward the position that it does.

The Apostolic Baptismal Formula

Critics have questioned the validity of Matthew 28:19, suggesting that it was either altered or added at a later stage. However, there is no manuscript evidence to support such assumptions. It is worth noting that in other New Testament passages, converts are described as being baptized into "the name of the Lord Jesus" and "the name of Jesus Christ." Although the actual words used during baptism are not provided, the term "name" can imply the person represented by that name. It is unlikely that both "the name of the Lord Jesus" and "the name of Jesus Christ" were used as part of the baptismal formula. Early Christian writings, such as the Didache, also refer to baptism "into the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit."

Considering Historical Context

Examining the historical context of baptism among first-century Jews, it seems improbable that the invocation or mention of God the Father and the Holy Spirit would have been absent in baptism into Jesus. With God at the center of Jewish life, it is unlikely that converts were baptized with a reference solely to Jesus. The early church likely recognized the importance of invoking the Trinity in the baptismal formula.

The Unity of Baptismal Formulas

In essence, being baptized "into the name of the Lord/Jesus" or "into the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit" can be understood as one and the same. While the exact wording of Matthew 28:19 may have been established later, its original substance and meaning were likely present in baptismal practices from the day of Pentecost onward. Today, using Matthew 28:19 as a baptismal formula effectively conveys the profound nature of the sacrament, as no other surviving formula from apostolic times exists. While baptism using only the name of Jesus may not be rejected by God, it does not fully encompass the deity of Christ, fails to mention God, diminishes the significance of the Trinity, and overlooks its importance for future generations.

Conclusion

Matthew 28:19 holds great significance in understanding the baptismal practices of the early Christian church. While the precise wording may have developed over time, the core meaning of baptizing converts into a new life of communion with the triune God remains consistent. The use of this verse as a baptismal formula effectively encapsulates the depth and significance of the sacrament, emphasizing the role of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit in the believer's life.